INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES ON THE GENESIS OF TERRITORIAL-POLITICAL CONTRADICTIONS
Keywords:
territorial claims, territorial-political conflict, border conflict, geography of conflicts, environmental change
Abstract
The purpose of the paper is to determine the role of influence of changing natural conditions in the development of territorial conflicts. The article assesses a variety of scientific approaches to explaining the impact of environmental change on the emergence and spread of conflicts. It is advisable to identify three groups of factors for the development of socio-geographical processes: 1) preconditions; 2) managerial factors; 3) factors of self-organization. The category of preconditions characterizes the external factors of the development of territorial-political conflicts, that is, the environment. There are two main territorial contradictions associated with natural environmental conditions: 1) due to the complexity of delimitation and demarcation of boundaries along natural objects; 2) caused by the change of natural conditions and the related interpretation of the line of existing boundary. The analysis of databases on border conflicts makes it possible to conclude that the emergence of territorial contradictions is facilitated by the following environmental changes: 1) river channel processes (meandering, accumulation and disappearance of river islands, displacement of talves, emergence and disappearance of ducts); 2) warming of the Earth's climate: 2.1 sea level rise; 2.2 reduction of ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and Antarctica; 2.3 melting of mountain glaciers; 2.4 droughts and desertification in the hot belt of Earth; 3) unpredictable natural disasters (tsunami, tropical cyclones). The main manifestations of territorial contradictions caused by such influence are determined. However, worsening environmental problems will spur nations sensitivity to the problem of territorial losses. As for internal conflicts, the change in natural conditions creates favourable conditions for the growth of contradictions between social groups and may result in conflicting relationships. To the greatest extent this will be the case with marginalized social groups and regions where the capacity to adapt to environmental change is limited. It is possible to identify ecologically based territorial-political conflicts from the whole set of conflicts, which requires further interdisciplinary studies.
References
1. Алаев Э.Б. (1983). Социально-экономическая география. Понятийно-терминологический словарь. Москва : Мысль [Alaev, E.B. (1983). Social and Economic Geography. Terminological dictionary. Moscow : Mysl` (In Russian)].
2. Безега, Т.М. (2012). Українсько-румунські територіальні суперечності: історичний аналіз та сучасний стан. Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету, серія «Історія», вип. 29, 36–42 [Bezega, T.M. (2012) Ukrainian-Romanian territorial contradictions: historical analysis and current state. Naukovy`j visny`k Uzhgorods`kogo universy`tetu, seriya «Istoriya», vol. 29, 36–42. (In Ukrainian)].
3. Глава ООН поражен масштабами таяния ледников Памира. (2017). doi : https://news. un.org/ru/story/2017/06/1306311 (дата звернення: 27.03.2019) [The head of the UN is struck by the scale of the Pamir glaciers melting (2017). doi : https:// news.un.org/ru/story/2017/06/1306311 (дата звернення: 27.03.2019) (In Russian)].
4. Дністрянський, М. (2011). Геополітика : навчальний посібник. Львів : ЛНУ імені Івана Франка [Dnistrianskyi M. (2011). Geopolitics: Textbook. Lviv : LNU imeni Ivana Franka (In Ukrainian)].
5. Дорош, С. (2017). Україна проти змін гирла Дунаю Румунією. doi : https://www.bbc.com/ ukrainian/ukraine/2010/07/100717_azarov_romania_ oh (дата звернення: 15.05.2019) [Dorosh, S. (2017). Ukraine against the changes in the mouth of the Danube by Romania. doi : https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ ukraine/2010/07/100717_azarov_romania_oh (дата звернення: 15.05.2019) (In Ukrainian)].
6. Ларина, Т. (2018). Глобальное потепление станет причиной роста количества конфликтов, ООН. doi : https://inform-ua.info/ science/1518765591-hlobalnoe-poteplenye-stanet-prychynoy-rosta-kolychestva-konflyktov--oon (дата звернення : 18.05.2019) [Laryna, T. (2018). Global warming will cause more conflicts. doi : https:// inform-ua.info/science/1518765591-hlobalnoe-poteplenye-stanet-prychynoy-rosta-kolychestva-konflyktov--oon (дата звернення: 18.05.2019) (In Russian)].
7. Мезенцев, К.В. (2008). Регіональне суспільно-географічне прогнозування. Електронний підручник. Київ : КНУ імені Т.Шевченка [Mezentsev, K.V. (2008). Regional socio-geographical forecasting. Electronic textbook. Kyiv : KNU imeni T. Shevchenka (In Ukrainian)].
8. Ольховая, Ю.І. (2016). Військово-географіч¬ний аналіз миротворчих місій Збройних Сил України. КНУ імені Т.Шевченка, Київ [Olkhovaia, Yu. I. (2016). Military-geographical analysis of peacekeeping missions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. KNU imeni T. Shevchenka, Kyiv (In Ukrainian)].
9. Підйом рівня світового океану буде три¬вати мінімум 500 років. (2012). doi : https://dt.ua/ SCIENCE/pidyom_rivnya_svitovogo_okeanu_ bude_trivati_minimum_500_rokiv.html (дата звернення: 28.03.2019) [The rise of the world ocean level will last at least 500 years. (2012). doi : https://dt.ua/ SCIENCE/pidyom_rivnya_svitovogo_okeanu_bude_ trivati_minimum_500_rokiv.html (дата звернення: 28.03.2019) (In Ukrainian)].
10. Пресса Британии: Трамп ищет помощи России в противостоянии с Китаем. (2019). doi : https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-48197105 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019) [British Press: Trump is seeking Russian help in confronting China. (2019). doi : https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-48197105 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019) (In Russian)].
11. Шаблій, О. (2001). Суспільна географія: теорія, історія, українознавчі студії. Львів : ЛНУ імені Івана Франка [Shablii O. (2001). Sustainable geography: theory, history, Ukraine-studios. Lviv : LNU imeni Ivana Franka (In Ukrainian)].
12. Ayeb, H. (2011). Social and political geography of the Tunisian revolution: the alfa grass revolution. Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 38, No. 129, 467–479.
13. Barnett, J., Adger, W.N. (2003). Climate dangers and atoll countries. Climatic Change, Vol. 61, 321–337.
14. Barnett, J. (2009). Enviromental Security. In Kitchin, R., Thrift, N. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography in 12 volumes (Vol. 3., pp. 553– 564). Amsterdam : Elsevier.
15. Bassett, T. J., Turner, M. D. (2007). Sudden Shift or Migratory Drift? Fulbe Herd Movements to the Sudano-Guinean Region of West Africa. Human Ecology, Vol. 35, 33–49.
16. Guo, R. (2009 a). The land and maritime boundary disputes of Africa. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
17. Guo, R. (2009 b). The land and maritime boundary disputes of Americas. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
18. Guo, R. (2009 c). The land and maritime boundary disputes of Asia. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
19. Staudenmaier, R. (2018). Belgium and Netherlands swap land in the New Year. doi : http:// www.dw.com/en/belgium-and-netherlands-swap-land-in-the-new-year/a-41988494 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
20. Buhaug, H., Rød, J. K. (2006). Local determinants of African civil wars, 1970-2001. Political Geography, Vol. 25, 315–335.
21. Conflict Barometer 2017: disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, wars. (2018). Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research. doi : http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
22. Fearon, J., Laitin, D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review, 97(1), 75–90.
23. Fearon, J., Laitin, D. (2000). Violence and Social Construction of Ethnic Identity. International Organisation, 54(4), 845–847.
24. Galgano, F.A. (2010). War, Geography of. In Barney W. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Geography. (Vol. 3, pp. 3044–3048). Thousand Oaks, Calif : SAGE Publications, Inc. Hopma, J. (2014). Political Geographies of ‘Food Security’ and ‘Food Sovereignty’. Geography Compass, Vol. 8, 773–784.
25. UNDP. (2014). Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. doi : http:// hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
26. CLCS. (2019). Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. doi : https://www.un.org/Depts/los/ clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
27. ECSP. (2003). Thomas Homer-Dixon, Nancy Peluso, and Michael Watts on violent environments. ECSP Report, Issue 9. doi : http://www.homerdixon. com/wp-content/uploads/2003/01/exchange.pdf (дата звернення: 29.04.2019)
28. Lacoste, Y. (1973). An Illustration of Geographical Warfare : Bombing the Dikes on the Red River, North Vietnam. Antipode, 5, 1–13.
29. Lacoste, Y. (1976). La géographie ça sert d`abord a faire la guerre. Paris : Maspero.
30. Marshall. M., Gurr. T. (2003). Peace and conflict 2003: A global study of armed conflicts, self-determination movements, and democracy. College Park : Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.
31. McColl, R. A. (1967). Political Geography of Revolution: China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 11(2), 153–167.
32. The White House, USA. (2019). Proclamation on Recognizing the Golan Heights as Part of the State of Israel. doi : https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-recognizing-golan-heights-part-state-israel/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
33. Scheffran, J., Brzoska, M., Kominek, J., Link, M., Schilling, J. (2012). Climate change and violent conflict. Science, Vol. 336, 869–871.
34. Sevunts, L. (2018). Canada to file Arctic continental shelf submission in 2019: Global Affairs Canada. doi : http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/09/17/canada-to-file-arctic-continental-shelf-submission-in-2019-global-affairs-canada/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
35. SIPRI. (2017). SIPRI Yearbook 2017: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Summary. doi : https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/ files/2017-09/yb17-summary-eng.pdf (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
36. Kasperson, R.E., Minghi, J.V. (Eds.). (2011). The Structure of Political Geography. London, New- York : Routledge.
37. Megoran, N. (2017). Nationalism in Central Asia: A Biography of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan Boundary (Central Eurasia in Context). Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.
38. Wade, M. (2010). Rising sea level settles border dispute. doi : https://www.smh.com.au/environment/ climate-change/rising-sea-level-settles-border-dispute- 20100324-qwum.html (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
39. Wheeler, D. (2011). Quantifying Vulnerability to Climate Change: Implications for Adaptation Assistance. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development.
40. Wischnath, G., Buhaug, H. (2014) Rice or riots: On food production and conflict severity across India. Political Geography, Vol. 43, 6–15.
41. Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2019). [2010- 16] Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration between Bangladesh and India. doi : https://pca-cpa. org/cases/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
2. Безега, Т.М. (2012). Українсько-румунські територіальні суперечності: історичний аналіз та сучасний стан. Науковий вісник Ужгородського університету, серія «Історія», вип. 29, 36–42 [Bezega, T.M. (2012) Ukrainian-Romanian territorial contradictions: historical analysis and current state. Naukovy`j visny`k Uzhgorods`kogo universy`tetu, seriya «Istoriya», vol. 29, 36–42. (In Ukrainian)].
3. Глава ООН поражен масштабами таяния ледников Памира. (2017). doi : https://news. un.org/ru/story/2017/06/1306311 (дата звернення: 27.03.2019) [The head of the UN is struck by the scale of the Pamir glaciers melting (2017). doi : https:// news.un.org/ru/story/2017/06/1306311 (дата звернення: 27.03.2019) (In Russian)].
4. Дністрянський, М. (2011). Геополітика : навчальний посібник. Львів : ЛНУ імені Івана Франка [Dnistrianskyi M. (2011). Geopolitics: Textbook. Lviv : LNU imeni Ivana Franka (In Ukrainian)].
5. Дорош, С. (2017). Україна проти змін гирла Дунаю Румунією. doi : https://www.bbc.com/ ukrainian/ukraine/2010/07/100717_azarov_romania_ oh (дата звернення: 15.05.2019) [Dorosh, S. (2017). Ukraine against the changes in the mouth of the Danube by Romania. doi : https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/ ukraine/2010/07/100717_azarov_romania_oh (дата звернення: 15.05.2019) (In Ukrainian)].
6. Ларина, Т. (2018). Глобальное потепление станет причиной роста количества конфликтов, ООН. doi : https://inform-ua.info/ science/1518765591-hlobalnoe-poteplenye-stanet-prychynoy-rosta-kolychestva-konflyktov--oon (дата звернення : 18.05.2019) [Laryna, T. (2018). Global warming will cause more conflicts. doi : https:// inform-ua.info/science/1518765591-hlobalnoe-poteplenye-stanet-prychynoy-rosta-kolychestva-konflyktov--oon (дата звернення: 18.05.2019) (In Russian)].
7. Мезенцев, К.В. (2008). Регіональне суспільно-географічне прогнозування. Електронний підручник. Київ : КНУ імені Т.Шевченка [Mezentsev, K.V. (2008). Regional socio-geographical forecasting. Electronic textbook. Kyiv : KNU imeni T. Shevchenka (In Ukrainian)].
8. Ольховая, Ю.І. (2016). Військово-географіч¬ний аналіз миротворчих місій Збройних Сил України. КНУ імені Т.Шевченка, Київ [Olkhovaia, Yu. I. (2016). Military-geographical analysis of peacekeeping missions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. KNU imeni T. Shevchenka, Kyiv (In Ukrainian)].
9. Підйом рівня світового океану буде три¬вати мінімум 500 років. (2012). doi : https://dt.ua/ SCIENCE/pidyom_rivnya_svitovogo_okeanu_ bude_trivati_minimum_500_rokiv.html (дата звернення: 28.03.2019) [The rise of the world ocean level will last at least 500 years. (2012). doi : https://dt.ua/ SCIENCE/pidyom_rivnya_svitovogo_okeanu_bude_ trivati_minimum_500_rokiv.html (дата звернення: 28.03.2019) (In Ukrainian)].
10. Пресса Британии: Трамп ищет помощи России в противостоянии с Китаем. (2019). doi : https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-48197105 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019) [British Press: Trump is seeking Russian help in confronting China. (2019). doi : https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-48197105 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019) (In Russian)].
11. Шаблій, О. (2001). Суспільна географія: теорія, історія, українознавчі студії. Львів : ЛНУ імені Івана Франка [Shablii O. (2001). Sustainable geography: theory, history, Ukraine-studios. Lviv : LNU imeni Ivana Franka (In Ukrainian)].
12. Ayeb, H. (2011). Social and political geography of the Tunisian revolution: the alfa grass revolution. Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 38, No. 129, 467–479.
13. Barnett, J., Adger, W.N. (2003). Climate dangers and atoll countries. Climatic Change, Vol. 61, 321–337.
14. Barnett, J. (2009). Enviromental Security. In Kitchin, R., Thrift, N. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography in 12 volumes (Vol. 3., pp. 553– 564). Amsterdam : Elsevier.
15. Bassett, T. J., Turner, M. D. (2007). Sudden Shift or Migratory Drift? Fulbe Herd Movements to the Sudano-Guinean Region of West Africa. Human Ecology, Vol. 35, 33–49.
16. Guo, R. (2009 a). The land and maritime boundary disputes of Africa. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
17. Guo, R. (2009 b). The land and maritime boundary disputes of Americas. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
18. Guo, R. (2009 c). The land and maritime boundary disputes of Asia. New York, Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
19. Staudenmaier, R. (2018). Belgium and Netherlands swap land in the New Year. doi : http:// www.dw.com/en/belgium-and-netherlands-swap-land-in-the-new-year/a-41988494 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
20. Buhaug, H., Rød, J. K. (2006). Local determinants of African civil wars, 1970-2001. Political Geography, Vol. 25, 315–335.
21. Conflict Barometer 2017: disputes, non-violent crises, violent crises, limited wars, wars. (2018). Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research. doi : http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
22. Fearon, J., Laitin, D. (2003). Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War. American Political Science Review, 97(1), 75–90.
23. Fearon, J., Laitin, D. (2000). Violence and Social Construction of Ethnic Identity. International Organisation, 54(4), 845–847.
24. Galgano, F.A. (2010). War, Geography of. In Barney W. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Geography. (Vol. 3, pp. 3044–3048). Thousand Oaks, Calif : SAGE Publications, Inc. Hopma, J. (2014). Political Geographies of ‘Food Security’ and ‘Food Sovereignty’. Geography Compass, Vol. 8, 773–784.
25. UNDP. (2014). Human Development Report 2014. Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience. doi : http:// hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2014 (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
26. CLCS. (2019). Submissions, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982. doi : https://www.un.org/Depts/los/ clcs_new/commission_submissions.htm (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
27. ECSP. (2003). Thomas Homer-Dixon, Nancy Peluso, and Michael Watts on violent environments. ECSP Report, Issue 9. doi : http://www.homerdixon. com/wp-content/uploads/2003/01/exchange.pdf (дата звернення: 29.04.2019)
28. Lacoste, Y. (1973). An Illustration of Geographical Warfare : Bombing the Dikes on the Red River, North Vietnam. Antipode, 5, 1–13.
29. Lacoste, Y. (1976). La géographie ça sert d`abord a faire la guerre. Paris : Maspero.
30. Marshall. M., Gurr. T. (2003). Peace and conflict 2003: A global study of armed conflicts, self-determination movements, and democracy. College Park : Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.
31. McColl, R. A. (1967). Political Geography of Revolution: China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 11(2), 153–167.
32. The White House, USA. (2019). Proclamation on Recognizing the Golan Heights as Part of the State of Israel. doi : https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-recognizing-golan-heights-part-state-israel/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
33. Scheffran, J., Brzoska, M., Kominek, J., Link, M., Schilling, J. (2012). Climate change and violent conflict. Science, Vol. 336, 869–871.
34. Sevunts, L. (2018). Canada to file Arctic continental shelf submission in 2019: Global Affairs Canada. doi : http://www.rcinet.ca/en/2018/09/17/canada-to-file-arctic-continental-shelf-submission-in-2019-global-affairs-canada/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
35. SIPRI. (2017). SIPRI Yearbook 2017: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Summary. doi : https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/ files/2017-09/yb17-summary-eng.pdf (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
36. Kasperson, R.E., Minghi, J.V. (Eds.). (2011). The Structure of Political Geography. London, New- York : Routledge.
37. Megoran, N. (2017). Nationalism in Central Asia: A Biography of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan Boundary (Central Eurasia in Context). Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.
38. Wade, M. (2010). Rising sea level settles border dispute. doi : https://www.smh.com.au/environment/ climate-change/rising-sea-level-settles-border-dispute- 20100324-qwum.html (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
39. Wheeler, D. (2011). Quantifying Vulnerability to Climate Change: Implications for Adaptation Assistance. Washington, D.C.: Center for Global Development.
40. Wischnath, G., Buhaug, H. (2014) Rice or riots: On food production and conflict severity across India. Political Geography, Vol. 43, 6–15.
41. Permanent Court of Arbitration. (2019). [2010- 16] Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration between Bangladesh and India. doi : https://pca-cpa. org/cases/ (дата звернення: 29.04.2019).
Published
2019-09-13
Pages
67-75
Section
SECTION 1 SOCIO-GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCHES
